It was only months after the transfer of power in 1947 when the
peasant rebellion broke out in Telengana - an armed struggle that
successfully gained control
of several hundred square kilometres of territory, and gave rise to a
vision of social liberation - of not only an end to landlessness and
landlordism, but of a
vision of broad liberation of society at large. I
The main insurgent groups in the northeast include two factions of
the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in Nagaland; Meitei
extremists in Manipur; the ULFA and the Bodo Security Force in Assam;
and the ATTF and the NLFT in Tripura.
In Mizoram, a Movement for independence began in 1961 due
to a
feeling of total neglect by the mother State Assam.
The Mizo National Front (MNF) rose in rebellion on February 28, 1966. An
agreement was reached between the MNF and the Union Government on June 30, 1986. In pursuance of the Settlement, the MNF laid down
their arms and the personnel were rehabilitated
In Tripura, the tribals started a Movement for secession from the
country in 1978, because
of being swamped by a large influx of refugees from
Bangladesh.
December 1978, the Tripura National Volunteers (TNV) was formed, with the aim of securing independence for Tripura by armed action. Tension kept building up and violence was resorted to in 1979-80. Non-tribals were attacked, police stations were ransacked, communications were disrupted and an atmosphere of terror was created. The Army was inducted in June 1980 and the situation was brought under control. The militants escaped into the adjacent Chittagong Hill Tracts. A faction of the militants known as the All Tripura Peoples Liberation Organization (ATPLO) surrendered. n the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the militants reorganised themselves and started carrying out depredations into Tripura. Hrangkhawl became the President of the TNV and continued terrorising the people, while persisting with his demands for independence.New militant organisations have since come into being and there has been resurgence of militancy in the State. These are National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) and All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF).
In Assam itself, a Movement for ridding the State of 'foreigners'
started in
1979, again due to considerable influx of people from
Bangladesh.
A terrorist organisation known as the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) formed in April 1979 under leadership of Paresh Baruah, constituted the armed element to support the AASU and AAGSP, in their struggle throughout.In January 1980, the agitationists resorted to mass violence and terrorism in Nalbari, due to which many people were murdered and about fifteen thousand refugees had to be moved to relief camps. The minorities lost confidence and separated themselves from the agitation. The Army was moved in and given responsibility for internal security from March 28, 1980.
Bodo
The Bodos, a major tribe in North Assam started an agitation in the mid-80s for a separate State, as they felt that they were neglected and exploited by the Assamese and Bengalis. They formed an armed element known as the Bodo Security Force, subsequently renamed National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) and resorted to terrorism to secure a separate State of Bodoland, North of the Brahmaputra river.
Manipur
An organisation styled as Meitei Marup was formed in 1930 to revive
the old Meitei identity. Armed rebellion began sometime between
1968 and 1979. (Look UP).
Certain other militant organisations were also formed such as the
Peoples Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), and Kangleipak
Communist Party (KCP), with the same objective of achieving
independence for Manipur.
The oldest of these conflicts, involving the Nagas, started with
India's independence in 1947. (other sources Opposition,
Insurgency and the Quest --- Rajesh Gopalan have the armed
conflict beginning in 1952, with the Indian Army assuming control of
operations in 1955) On August 1, 1997, a cease-fire between the
Government. By the end of fifties, the extent of the Naga
revolt and of the attempts to crush it can be judged by the fact that
fully one-fifth of the Indian army or
about 100,000 soldiers were engaged in suppressing what was a total
Naga population of some
300,000.
and the Isak-Muivah faction of the NSCN (NCSN-IM) went into effect and has been largely observed by the Government and all insurgent groups in the state.
In August, the cease-fire was extended for another year. The Kuki and Paite ethnic tribes also entered into a cease-fire in March, which was signed in the
presence of Manipur's Chief Minister. Both sides observed the cease-fire, and in October a peace accord between them was signed. In 1997 violence between
the Kuki and Paite communities led to hundreds of deaths and the
burning of many homes.
Groups representing several ethnic tribal peoples in Assam, including the Santhals, Mundas, Oraons, Gonds, Savars, Bhils, Koyas, Kharias, Lohars and Parjas, allege that they have been the target of systematic violence at the hands of the National Democratic Front for Bodoland.
25 May 1967 peasant uprising at Naxalbari in Darjeeling district of West Bengalj begant the so-called Naxalite Guerrilla War.
Since 1980 clashes between police and Naxalite Maoist
revolutionaries of the Peoples' War Group (PWG) have taken place in
northwestern Andhra Pradesh. Over the past few years, hundreds of
policemen and suspected Naxalites have been killed,
They further allege that Andhra police have contributed to the
establishment of an armed vigilante group known as the "Green
Tigers," whose mission is to combat Naxalite groups in the state. The
NHRC is investigating some 285 reported cases of so-called "fake
encounter deaths" allegedly committed by the Andhra police in
connection with anti-Naxalite operations
Threats
- Andhra Pradesh /
The
Subaltern Contribution to the Freedom Struggle
Opposition, Insurgency and the Quest --- Rajesh Gopalan
Insurgency in the North East of India
Threats - Andhra Pradesh / Naxalite - India Intelligence Agencies