Definitions of the
major governmental terms and types of government are as
follows:
Anarchy - a
condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought
about by the absence of governmental authority.
Commonwealth - a
nation, state, or other political entity founded on law
and united by a compact of the people for the common
good.
Communism - a
system of government in which the state plans and
controls the economy and a single - often authoritarian -
party holds power; state controls are imposed with the
elimination of private ownership of property or capital
while claiming to make progress toward a higher social
order in which all goods are equally shared by the people
(i.e., a classless society).
Confederacy
(Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty
between states, provinces, or territories, that creates a
central government with limited powers; the constituent
entities retain supreme authority over all matters except
those delegated to the central government.
Constitutional - a
government by or operating under an authoritative
document (constitution) that sets forth the system of
fundamental laws and principles that determines the
nature, functions, and limits of that government.
Constitutional
Democracy - a form of government in which the
sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a
governing constitution.
Constitutional
Monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch
is guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights,
duties, and responsibilities are spelled out in written
law or by custom.
Democracy - a form
of government in which the supreme power is retained by
the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly
through a system of representation and delegated
authority periodically renewed.
Democratic
Republic - a state in which the supreme power rests
in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and
representatives responsible to them.
Dictatorship - a
form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield
absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or
laws). Also, a system in which the citizens do not
possess the right to choose their own leaders.
Ecclesiastical - a
government administrated by a church.
Federal (Federative)
- a form of government in which sovereign power is
formally divided - usually by means of a constitution -
between a central authority and a number of constituent
regions (states, colonies, or provinces) so that each
region retains some management of its internal affairs;
differs from a confederacy in that the central government
exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well
as upon the regional units.
Federal Republic -
a state in which the powers of the central government are
restricted and in which the component parts (states,
colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of
self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the
voters who chose their governmental representatives.
Maoism - the
theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in
China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a
continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a
communist state are to keep in touch with the people.
Marxism - the
political, economic, and social principles espoused by
19th century economist Karl Marx; he viewed the struggle
of workers as a progression of historical forces that
would proceed from a class struggle of the proletariat
(workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to
a socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," to,
finally, a classless society - communism.
Marxism-Leninism -
an expanded form of communism developed by Lenin from
doctrines of Karl Marx; Lenin saw imperialism as the
final stage of capitalism and shifted the focus of
workers' struggle from developed to underdeveloped
countries.
Monarchy - a
government in which the supreme power is lodged in the
hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory,
usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may
be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as
a king, queen, or prince - with constitutionally limited
authority.
Oligarchy - a
government in which control is exercised by a small group
of individuals whose authority generally is based on
wealth or power.
Parliamentary
Democracy - a political system in which the
legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime
minister, premier, or chancellor along with the cabinet
ministers - according to party strength as expressed in
elections; by this system, the government acquires a dual
responsibility: to the people as well as to the
parliament.
Parliamentary
Government (Cabinet-Parliamentary government) - a
government in which members of an executive branch (the
cabinet and its leader - a prime minister, premier, or
chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a
legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible
to it; this type of government can be dissolved at will
by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no
confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve
the parliament if it can no longer function.
Parliamentary
monarchy - a state headed by a monarch who is not
actively involved in policy formation or implementation
(i.e., the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a
ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership is
carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister,
premier, or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature
(parliament).
Republic - a
representative democracy in which the people's elected
deputies (representatives), not the people themselves,
vote on legislation.
Socialism - a
government in which the means of planning, producing, and
distributing goods is controlled by a central government
that theoretically seeks a more just and equitable
distribution of property and labor; in actuality, most
socialist governments have ended up being no more than
dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite.
Sultanate -
similar to a monarchy, but a government in which the
supreme power is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a
Muslim state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a
sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.
Theocracy - a form
of government in which a Deity is recognized as the
supreme civil ruler, but the Deity's laws are interpreted
by ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs, etc.); a
government subject to religious authority.
Totalitarian - a
government that seeks to subordinate the individual to
the state by controlling not only all political and
economic matters, but also the attitudes, values, and
beliefs of its population.
Source:
The CIA World Factbook
