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map. War in
Afghanistan Causes of the
Conflict | Description
Of Conflict
|Casualty
Figures | News
Links | The War in Afghanistan
(Operation Enduring
Freedom)-(2001-Present):
The War
in Afghanistan is the first major conflict of the
21st Century. Though the origins of the war involve
the ongoing Afghan Civil War and the Soviet
Invasion and Occupation of the 1970s and 1980s, the
current war began in October, 2001 in response to
the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the
United States. YouTube Video:
Heavily armed fighters launched two of the biggest
insurgent attacks in Afghanistan in years,
culminating early Tuesday with six suicide bombers
charging the second-largest U.S. base. (Aug. 19)
Following
the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 and
the fall of the Afghan Communist government in
1992, a protracted civil war raged on between the
various factions of anti-Communist Afghan fighters,
who called themselves the Mujahadeen (See the
Afghan
Civil War). In this
realm of chaos, some former Mujahadeen found a
leader in Mullah Mohammed Omar. A Mullah is an
Islamic religious leader. A former Mujahadeen
fighter who returned to his home village after the
fall of the Communist regime, this member of the
Pashtun ethnic group led a new armed group called
the Taliban. The word Taliban means "student," and
many of the original recruits to Omar's movement
were Islamic religious students. Other former
Mujahadeen leaders of Pashtun background joined
with the Taliban as this new group sought to
impose law and order on the country. The particular
law they sought to impose was an extreme version of
Islamic law. Under Taliban-imposed law, women are
not allowed to work outside the home or attend
school. Men are expected to grow beards and attend
religious services regularly. Television is banned,
and religious minorities such as the Hindus were
required to wear some sort of identifying clothing.
Also, in 2001, the Taliban ordered the destruction
of all non-Islamic idols and statues in areas under
their control. They also attracted the support of
Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaida
organization. In 1994,
the Taliban attacked and defeated local warlords
and began to gather a reputation for order and
military success. Pakistan soon began supporting
them, partially as a means of establishing a
stable, friendly government in Kabul. The continual
fighting between the former Mujahadeen armies
caused waves of refugees to flood Pakistan's border
regions and interfered with Pakistani trade in the
region. In late 1994, the Taliban took control of
Kandahar, acquiring a large supply of modern
weapons, including fighter aircraft, tanks and
helicopters. In January of 1995, the Taliban
approached Kabul. From that
point onward, until they seized Kabul in September,
1996, the Taliban fought against several militias
and warlords, eventually defeating them all.
Several anti-Taliban leaders and their forces fled
to the northern part of the country to continue
fighting against the Taliban. One of these leaders,
or warlords, was Ahmed Shah Massoud. From his
loss of Kabul until 1999, Ahmed Shah Massoud's
forces remained within artillery range of the
capital city, which he attacked regularly. After
his pullout from Kabul, Massoud also began
receiving military supplies from both Russia (now
non-Communist) and Iran, both of whom feared the
growing power of the Taliban. Russia has fought
Muslim rebels in its own Chechnya region and on
behalf of the government of Tajikistan. Moscow
feared the Taliban as a source of aid and support
for the rebels it has fought in Chechnya and
Tajikistan. Iran, dominated by Shiite Islamic
fundamentalists, was at odds with the Sunni Muslim
Taliban, largely over the treatment of the Afghan
Shiite minority called the Hazaris. By 1997,
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government
of Afghanistan. Pakistan's role in the Taliban
success is controversial, as it is generally
believed that several Taliban military victories
are directly attributable to armed Pakistani
intervention. After
seizing Mazar-i Sharif, the Taliban provoked the
hostility of the area's Shiite Hazari minority (who
do not meet the Taliban's strict religious
standards), and the warlord, General Malik, ended
his dalliance with the Taliban. The result was the
execution of at least 3,000 captured Taliban
soldiers by Malik and the Hazaris. In August, 1998,
the Taliban retook Mazar-i Sharif and summarily
massacred at least 2,000 Hazaris. Also, several
Iranian citizens, including diplomats, were killed,
nearly touching off an Iran-Taliban war. As this
crisis heightened, Iran massed nearly 250,000
troops on the Iran-Afghan border. Throughout the
years of the Taliban's ascendancy, Iran supplied
arms and military training to the "United
Front/Northern Alliance" forces in Northern
Afghanistan who were fighting the Taliban. The
Northern Alliance includes the Uzbek forces of
General Dostum, the Tajik troops of former
President Rabbani and the Shiite Hazaris led by
Haji Mohammed Mohaqiq. In 1998,
following the terrorist bombings of American
embassies in Africa, the United States launched a
cruise missile attack on training camps belonging
to bin Laden's Al-Qaida organization in
Afghanistan. Through
the Autumn of 2001, the Taliban continued to
pressure the Northern Alliance, often with the aid
of Osama bin Laden and his Arab forces. On
September 9, 2001, the Northern Alliance leader
Ahmad Shah Massoud was mortally wounded in
an assassination attempt carried out by two Arab
men posing as journalists. This attack was the work
of bin Laden's organization as a possible prelude
to the airline
hijackings and
terrorism
in the United States on September 11. The Northern
Alliance responded to Massoud's killing with
an aerial attack on Kabul the night of September
11. It is now
known that the killing of Massoud was coordinated
with the terror attacks on the United States which
took place on September 11. As the United States
assigned blame for the attacks on bin Laden and
al-Qaida, plans began to take the fight to al-Qaida
and its Taliban sponsors as the first phase of what
became known as the Global War on
Terror. The War
in Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001 with allied
air strikes on Taliban and al-Qaida targets. On the
ground, American, British and other Allied special
forces troops worked with the Northern Alliance to
begin a military offensive to overthrow the
Taliban. This alliance between the Northern
Alliance and the Allies led to coordination between
Allied air attacks and ground attacks by the
Northern Alliance. These attacks led to the fall of
Kabul on Nov. 13, 2001, as the Taliban retreated
from most of northern Afghanistan. As more
Allied troops entered the war and the Northern
Alliance forces fought their way southwards, the
Taliban and al-Qaida retreated toward the
mountainous border region between Afghanistan and
Pakistan. From 2002
onward, the Taliban focused on survival and on
rebuilding its forces. From 2005 to the present
(winter 2007), the Taliban has increased its
attacks and is using suicide bombers and other
tactics from the
Iraq War. On February 27, 2007, while on a
diplomatic trip to Afghanistan, an apparent
assassination attempt was made by Taliban
insurgents, who claimed that Cheney was a target in
the attack. A suicide bomber blew up a checkpoint
at Bagram Air Base outside of Kabul, killing 20,
including an American soldier. Cheney was unhurt in
the attack. In the spring and summer of
2008, the violence in Afghanistan claimed more
coalition (foreign) troops than died in the
concurrent Iraq War. The Taliban, enjoying strong
bases in Pakistan, enjoyed a resurgence and showed
that it could launch large, coordinated, and
effective attacks on coalition and Afghan forces.
One of the deadliest attacks came on French troops
in mid-August, with a force of about 100 Taliban
ambushing French forces near Kabul. Ten French
troops were killed, and 21 wounded. The same day
also saw an attack by a squad of suicide bombers on
an American base near the Pakistani
border. The incoming Obama
Administration has called for significantly
increasing the size of the American military
presence in Afghanistan, and allies in Europe are
expecting President Obama to pressure them to
provide more troops as well. CASUALTY
FIGURES: (as of
01.07.08) Taliban dead: At least 10,000
Coalition Military Fatalities
By Country: As of 01.07.08 Coalition deaths in Afghanistan by country UK: 136 Canada: 106 Germany: 30 Spain: 25 France: 25 Denmark: 23 Netherlands: 18 Italy: 13 Poland: 8 Romania: 8 Australia: 7 Czech Republic: 3 Estonia: 3 Norway: 3 Hungary: 2 Portugal: 2 Sweden: 2 South Korea: 2 Finland: 1 Latvia: 1 Lithuania: 1
Coalition wounded (US 2,514,
UK 900, Canada 300+, Germany 87):
3,665 Northern Alliance dead: At
least 200 Afghan security forces dead:
At least 3,900 Fewer
airstrikes in Afghanistan mirrors tactical
shift --USA Today, April, 7, 2009 Afghan
militants kill 10 French, strike at US
base--Associated Press,
August 19, 2008 NATO
Needs More Troops for
Afghanistan--Lolita C.
Baldor. The Associated Press, 02 March
2007. Pressed
by U.S., Pakistan Seizes a Taliban Chief
UK
to Tackle Afghan Drug Lords in No-Go Valley U.S.
Forces Pursue Taliban into Pakistan
The
State of Afghanistan's Jihad Opium
Trade Undermines Afghan Democracy, U.S.
Says Good
and Bad News from the Poppy
Fields Afghanistan
Lacks Capacity to Govern Cheney
Targeted in Afghan Blast Ruined
Poppy Farmers Join Ranks With the Taleban Watching
Afghanistan Fall Is
Pakistan Doing All It Should to Secure Its Afghan
Border? Informer
Killings Show Growing Taleban Control
Extra
1,400 UK Troops to be Sent
to Afghanistan Former Afghan Warlords Rally for Amnesty Afghanistan:
Taliban Preps for Bloody Assault
Town's
Elders Plead for Help With Taliban
27
July 1880. A Date Mr Blair Should Look
Up Breaking
Point: Measuring Progress In
Afghanistan 2007 Fighting the Wrong War in Afghanistan Taliban
'In Control' in Helmand Denmark
to Increase Troops in Afghanistan after Iraq
Withdrawal Plan
Afghanistan: Another Colombia
Mistake Afghans
in No Mood to Forgive Killers Afghan
Forces Retake District Briefly Held by
Taliban Afghan
Lawmakers Approve Amnesty For War
Criminals U.S.
Beefing Up Afghan Army Afghan
Poppy War Alienates
Farmers Remember
Al Qaeda? They're Baaack
Conflicting
Reports Of Taliban Capture
Of Remote Town Al
Qaeda Chiefs Are Seen to Regain Power
Taliban
Offensive Expected in
Spring America's
Foreign Policy - Fighting Fires
Afghanistan's
Proxy War Winning in Afghanistan: The Challenges and the Response Afghanistan:
What the United States Has
Spent Countering
The Insurgency In Afghanistan: Losing
Friends and Making
Enemies US
Troop Numbers in Afghanistan Hit All-Time Peak
IMF
Warns of Slippage in Afghan Economic
Program Second
Helmand District Falls to Taleban Hundreds
of Taliban Massing to Attack Dam: Official
Afghanistan
Diary Afghans
Allow Themselves a Ration of Hope
NATO
Asked to Meet Promises Already Made to Afghanistan
Helmand
Heads for Record Poppy Harvest Insights
from a Military Commander Nation-Building
or Nation-Neglecting? Just
Another Bush Success Story
Taliban Too Quick Off the Mark British
Worry U.S. Approach to Afghanistan Will Play Into
Taliban's Plans From
Afghanistan to Iraq: Connecting the Dots with
Oil U.S.
General in Afghanistan Seen Tough on Taliban Afghanistan
Losing War on Drugs, General
Says Taliban
'Must Not Hold This Town'
The
Road to Helmand A Political Curtain-Raiser for the Taliban Former
British-Patrolled Town 'Falls to Taliban'
Pakistan
to Fence Border of Afghanistan Afghanistan
Approves Amnesty for Warlords
U.K.
to Boost Afghanistan Troop Numbers
Al
Qaeda 2006: Fighting in Iraq, Regrouping in
Afghanistan, Enlisting in Europe
The
Other War Afghanistan's Local Insurgency Afghan
Rebuilding Hit by 'Violence and
Waste' Security
and Stability in Afghanistan: Opportunities and
Challenges 1,000
Afghan Civilians Killed in 2006, Report Says
Discarding
An Afghan Opportunity
Afghanistan:
Slow Progress on Security and Rights
The
Big Afghanistan Push Comes to Shove
Multipronged
Drug-Eradication Effort Set For Helmand
New
U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Expects Rise in
Suicide Attacks in 2007 Rebuilding and Reconciliation Afghanistan's
Endangered Compact A Cautionary Tale on Afghanistan Karzai
Increasingly Beset by Problems
Afghan
Elders Speak of War, Not
Peace Two
Vodkas, one Pepsi Dam
Holds Back Force of the Taliban
Former
Afghan Customs Chief Says Afghanistan Losing War
Against Drugs Afghanistan's
Judge of Last Resort Softly, Softly in the Taliban's Den U.S.
Warns of Bloody Taliban Spring
Fightback Afghanistan:
NATO Begins Fund For Civilian War Victims
U.S.
Troops to Form Flexible Afghanistan Force Afghanistan,
the Other 'Surge' No
Exit Bush
Plans New Focus On Afghan Recovery
Pakistani
Premier Faults Afghans for Taliban Woes on Border The
Winter of the Taliban's
Content Doctors
Propose Using Afghan Opium as NHS
Pain-Killer NATO:
Taliban Weakened in S.
Afghanistan Nato
General: We Need One More Year to Defeat Taliban
Burdened
U.S. Military Cuts Role in Drug War Opium
War Revealed: Major New Offensive in
Afghanistan In
Remote Afghan Camp, Taliban Explain How and Why
They Fight Afghan
Women's Quiet Revolution Hangs by a Thread At
Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge Afghanistan's
Taliban Say To Open
Schools More Evidence of Taliban Leader Hiding in Pakistan Tribal Tribulations in Afghanistan Gates
Signals Troop Surge in Afghanistan Iranian
Involvement in Afghanistan Troop
Buildup for Afghanistan? What
the Iraq Study Group said about America's 'Other
War' Ending
an Opium War Some
at Guantanamo Mark 5 Years in Limbo
Afghanistan's
Efforts to Boost Women Falter
Afghan
Rebel Chief Sends Fighters to Their Deaths
Local
Taliban Defeat Raises Hopes For
Dam Project Afghan
Army 'Unfit to Take Over Security Role in
2009' Afghanistan:
Post-War Governance, Security and U.S.
Policy Rebel:
'We Aided bin Laden Escape'
A
Voice From Gitmo's
Darkness Shut
Down Guantanamo - And Make Sure It Never Happens
Again The
Taliban's Fire Spreads Afghan Government Recruiting Thousands of Auxiliary
Police to Battle Insurgents How
the Taliban Keep their Coffers
Full Tackling the Taleban in the Cold Former
CIA Analyst Says West Misunderstands Al-Qaeda
Commanders
Seek More Forces in
Afghanistan Taliban
Leader's Powerful Vanishing
Act Afghan
War Needs Troops Starving
Afghans Sell Girls of Eight as Brides Taliban
Leader Promises More Afghan War
Taliban
Walk Right In, Sit Right Down
... Mullah
Omar Says Hasn't Seen bin Laden for Years
Special
Deals and Raw Recruits Employed to Halt the Taliban
in Embattled Helmand Securing
Tyrants or Fostering Reform? U.S. Internal Security
Assistance to Repressive and Transition
Regimes Official:
NATO Killed Too Many Civilians in Afghanistan in
'06 Afghan-Pakistani
Tension Could Create Opening for
Iran FBI
Reports Duct-Taping, 'Baptizing' at Guantanamo
Forces
in Afghanistan Shift Focus to Taliban Leaders Europe's
Afghan Test White
House Line on War Cost Called Too
Low The Secret War in Afghanistan 1,373
Miles Into the Heart of
Afghanistan Mullah
Omar Pledges to Expel
NATO Iran
Is Seeking More Influence in Afghanistan
Pakistan
Army Told to Plan Fence and Mines Along Afghan
Border Afghan
Heroin's Surge Poses Danger in U.S. Al-Qaeda's
Sanctuary Afghanistan:
The Choice Leaving
NATO, Marine General Still Seeks Troops for
Afghanistan Pakistani
City Serves as a Refuge for the
Taliban Taliban
Line Up The Heavy
Artillery A
Tipping Point in Afghanistan Afghanistan
Government Fires Governor In
Afghanistan, Money Tips the Scales of Justice
Copyright
© 1998-2009 Roger A. Lee; Last Modified:
04.07.09 Citation "The
History Guy" is a Registered Trademark.
Lee,
R. "The History Guy: The War in Afghanistan
(Operation Enduring Freedom)" http://www.historyguy.com/war_in_afghanistann.html Operation
Veritas
--United
Kingdom Ministry of Defense site
covering the UK's contribution to
the US-led Operation Enduring
Freedom . The
Black Rod: War in Afghanistan
2009 Week
One--Ongoing
blog about the war in
Afghanistan. War
in
Afghanistan
--Wikipedia article New
York Times: Iraq, Afghanistan
& The Reach of
War--Features
news and updates on the conflicts
in Iraq and Afghanistan,
including interactive graphics
and background information.
Registration required. ZNet:
The War in Afghanistan
--47
questions and answers, with
additional links for further
information. Special
Report: War in Afghanistan
--News
stories and reports. From
Guardian Unlimited. National
Geographic Adventure: Inside the
Afghan War Machine
--Features
an excerpt from a March 2002
article by Robert Young
Pelton. Afghanistan
Today
--2002
photo essay about a post-Taliban
Afghanistan. From TIME
magazine. Operation
Fingal
--Details
the operations by the
International Security Assistance
Force. The
Fall of Kabul
--Photo-essay
from the BBC. Operation Anaconda al-Qaida
Stronghold under siege
--BBC
News report on the March 2002
Operation Anaconda, an
offensive into the mountains
and caves of eastern
Afghanistan. Washington
Post: Killed in Battle
--Profiles
the seven soldiers who died in
the ambush and rescues efforts
at Takur Ghar. Report
from front of Operation
Anaconda
--March
2002 article from CNN on the
casualties suffered and the
resistance met during the
first days of the
offensive. Operation
Herrick Casualty and Fatality
Tables--From
the UK Ministry of
Defense In
the line of duty: Canada's
casualties--From the CBC DATES
OF CONFLICT: BEGAN:
October
7, 2001, with the beginning of the
American and Coalition attack on the
Taliban ENDED:
Continuing,
as American, NATO, and Afghan government
forces fight against Taliban and al-Qaida
insurgents Belligerents
in the Conflict: vs. The Taliban
and al-Qaida ALTERNATE
NAMES FOR THE
CONFLICT: Operation
Enduring Freedom
(USA) Operation
Veritas (UK) Predecessor
Conflicts: (Related conflicts that
occurred before or led up to the current
conflict) The
Afghan Civil War
(1978-Present) Soviet
Invasion and Occupation of Afghanistan
(1979-1989) Concurrent
Conflicts: (Related conflicts occurring at
the same time) bin
Laden's Terrorist War
(1992?-Present) The
War in Iraq
(2003-Present) Successor
Conflicts: (Related conflicts that occur
later)
A chronicle of newer
and more recent conflicts and wars from
around the globe
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on this website
al-Qaida dead: At least
2,500
US: 629
(In addition to the
25 killed in Afghanistan, an additional 62
Spanish soldiers returning from Afghanistan
were killed in Turkey on May 26, 2003 when
their plane crashed)
Civilian dead:
20,000+
Carlotta Gall. The New York Times, 02 March
2007.
Julian Borger. The Guardian, 02 March 2007.
Lolita C. Baldor. The Associated Press, 01
March 2007.
Matthias Gebauer. Der Spiegel, 01 March 2007.
Arshad Mohammed. Reuters, 01 March 2007.
Bronwen Maddox. The Times,
Said Jawad. Interviewed by Robert
McMahon. Council on Foreign Relations, 28
February 2007.
The Associated Press, 27 February 2007.
Tim Albone and Claire Billet. The Times,
Matthew Cole. Salon.com, 27 February 2007.
Bill Roggio and Kathy Gannon. Council on
Foreign Relations, 27 February 2007.
Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 26 February
2007.
Michael Evans. The Times,
Mark Sappenfield. The Christian Science Monitor, 26 February
2007.
Sami Yousafzai and Ron Moreau. Newsweek,
05 March 2007 issue. Posted
on 26 February 2007.
Abdul Waheed Wafa and Carlotta Gall. The New
York Times, 26 February 2007.
Robert Fisk. The Independent, 25 February
2007.
Seema Patel. Center for Strategic and International
Studies, 23 February 2007. Posted on the Commonwealth Institute website (.pdf
file).
Dad Noorani.
Agence France-Presse, 21 February 2007.
Sam Logan. ISN Security Watch, 20 February 2007.
Hafizullah Gardesh and Wahidullah Amani. Institute for War and Peace
Reporting, 20 February 2007.
Agence France-Presse, 20 February 2007.
Radio Free Europe/Radio
Jason Straziuso. The Associated Press, 20 February 2007.
Bruce Hoffman.
Radio Free Europe/Radio
Mark Mazzetti and David Rohde. The New York
Times, 19 February 2007.
Laura King.
The Economist, 16 February
2007.
Anthony H. Cordesman. Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign
Affairs, 15 February 2007. Posted
on the Commonwealth Institute website (.pdf file).
ABC News, 15 February 2007.
Senlis Council, 14 February 2007.
Jim Mannion. Agence France-Presse, 14
February 2007.
Lesley Wroughton. Reuters, 13 February 2007.
Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 12 February
2007.
Saeed Ali Achakzai. Reuters, 12 February
2007.
The Economist, 12 February
2007.
Jason Burke. Guardian, 11 February 2007.
Thom Shanker. The New York Times, 09
February 2007.
Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 09 February
2007.
Carl Robichaud.
Ashraf Haidari. San Francisco Chronicle, 06
February 2007.
Tom Engelhardt. Antiwar.com, 06 February 2007.
Syed Saleem Shahzad.
Tom Regan. CSMonitor.com, 05 February 2007.
Richard W. Behan. AlterNet, 05 February 2007.
Terry Friel. Reuters, 05 February 2007.
The Associated Press, 04 February 2007.
Jason Burke. The Observer, 04 February 2007.
Holly Barnes Higgins.
Syed Saleem Shahzad.
The Guardian, 02 February 2007.
Matthew Pennington. The Associated Press, 02 February 2007.
Declan Walsh. The Guardian, 01 February
2007.
The Guardian, 01 February 2007.
Carol Huang. The Christian Science Monitor,
01 February 2007.
Anatol Lieven. The American Prospect, January/February 2007.
Seth G. Jones. International Herald Tribune, 31 January 2007.
Hugh Williamson. Financial Times, 31 January
2007.
Ali A. Jalali. Testimony before
the House Armed Services Committee, 30 January 2007
(.pdf file).
Mark Tran. The Guardian, 30 January 2007.
Selig S. Harrison.
Human Rights Watch, 30 January 2007.
Simon Tisdall. The Guardian, 30 January
2007.
Interview with Mark Norton. Radio Free Europe/Radio
The Associated Press, 30 January 2007.
Syed Saleem Shahzad.
International Crisis Group, 29 January 2007 (.pdf
file).
Dan Restrepo. The
Reuters, 29 January 2007.
Graeme Smith. Globe and Mail, 29 January
2007.
Michael Evans. The Times,
Jason Burke. The Sunday Observer,
The Associated Press, 29 January 2007.
Kim Barker. The
Syed Saleem Shahzad.
Reuters, 26 January 2007.
Ron Synovitz. Radio Free Europe/Radio
Reuters, 26 January 2007.
Eben Kaplan. Council on Foreign Relations, 26
January 2007.
Joseph Lelyveld. The
Michael Abramowitz.
Katrin Bennhold and Mark Landler. The New York Times, 25
January 2007.
Syed Saleem Shahzad.
Justin Huggler. The Independent,
United Press International, 24 January 2007.
Richard Norton-
Josh Meyer.
Raymond Whitaker. The Independent, 22
January 2007.
Claudio Franco. San Francisco Chronicle, 21
January 2007.
Alissa J. Rubin.
Carlotta Gall. The New York Times, 21 January 2007.
Reuters, 21 January 2007.
David Montero. The Christian Science Monitor, 19 January
2007.
Haroun Mir.
Julian Borger. The Guardian, 18 January 2007.
Muhammad Tahir.
Kim Barker. The
Karl F. Inderfurth. The Christian Science
Monitor, 18 January 2007.
Anne Applebaum.
Carol D. Leonnig and Julie Tate.
Kim Barker.
The Associated Press, 14
January 2007.
Ron Synovitz. Radio Free Europe/Radio
The Scotsman, 12 January 2007.
Kenneth Katzman. Congressional Research Service, 11
January 2007 (.pdf file).
The Associated Press, 11
January 2007.
Jumah al-Dossari.
Helena Cobban. The Christian Science
Monitor, 11 January 2007.
Nicholas Martin-Lalande.
Benjamin Sand. Voice of
Syed Saleem Shahzad.
Dan Isaacs. BBC News, 09 January 2007.
Radio Free Europe/Radio
David Wood.
Laura King.
David Wood. The
Peter Beaumont. The Sunday Observer, 07 January 2007.
Ismail Khan and Carlotta Gall. The New York
Times, 05 January 2007.
Syed Saleem Shahzad.
Reuters, 04 January 2007.
Declan Walsh. The Guardian, 04 January 2007.
Seth G. Jones et al.
The Associated Press, 03 January 2007. Posted
on the USA Today website.
Alex Vatanka.
Dan Eggen.
Sardar Ahmad. Agence
Robert Hunter. United Press International,
02 January 2007.
Congressional Quarterly, 01 January 2007
(.pdf file).
James Dunnigan. Strategy Page, 01 January 2007.
Paul Watson.
The Associated Press, 29
December 2006. Posted on Military.com.
David Rohde. The New York Times, 27 December
2006.
Imtiaz Gul. The Guardian, 27 December 2006.
Garrett Therolf.
Editorial.
Paul Rogers. Open Democracy, 21 December 2006.
Thom Shanker. The New York Times, 21
December 2006.
Laura King.
Syed Saleem Shahzad.
Stefan Nicola. United Press International,
20 December 2006.
Jason Straziuso. The Associated Press, 18 December 2006.
Paul Watson.
Please cite this source when
appropriate:
Washington
Post: Bravery and Breakdowns
in a Ridge top Battle
--Reports
on the ambush at Takur Ghar
and the resulting battle and
rescue.
The
Afghan Government, The United
States, NATO (United Kingdom,
France, Germany, Denmark,
Poland, Canada, Italy,
Netherlands, Portugal, Norway,
Spain, and others), and NATO
Allies such as New
Zealand.
The
Afghan Civil War
(1978-Present)